Example of somatic nervous system2/24/2023 ![]() ![]() The peripheral nervous system is further subdivided into an afferent (sensory) division and an efferent ( motor) division. Ganglia are collections, or small knots, of nerve cell bodies outside the CNS. Cranial nerves and spinal nerves extend from the CNS to peripheral organs such as muscles and glands. Nerves are bundles of nerve fibers, much like muscles are bundles of muscle fibers. ![]() The organs of the peripheral nervous system are the nerves and ganglia. Although considered to be two separate organs, the brain and spinal cord are continuous at the foramen magnum. The brain is in the cranial vault, and the spinal cord is in the vertebral canal of the vertebral column. Because they are so vitally important, the brain and spinal cord, located in the dorsal body cavity, are encased in bone for protection. The brain and spinal cord are the organs of the central nervous system. The nervous system as a whole is divided into two subdivisions: the central nervous system ( CNS) and the peripheral nervous system ( PNS). Each subdivision has structural and functional characteristics that distinguish it from the others. Although each subdivision of the system is also called a "nervous system," all of these smaller systems belong to the single, highly integrated nervous system. Duplication for commercial use must be authorized in writing by ADAM Health Solutions.Acknowledgements Organization of the Nervous SystemĪlthough terminology seems to indicate otherwise, there is really only one nervous system in the body. Links to other sites are provided for information only - they do not constitute endorsements of those other sites. A licensed physician should be consulted for diagnosis and treatment of any and all medical conditions. The information provided herein should not be used during any medical emergency or for the diagnosis or treatment of any medical condition. This site complies with the HONcode standard for trustworthy health information: verify here. Learn more about A.D.A.M.'s editorial policy editorial process and privacy policy. is among the first to achieve this important distinction for online health information and services. follows rigorous standards of quality and accountability. is accredited by URAC, for Health Content Provider (URAC's accreditation program is an independent audit to verify that A.D.A.M. It also helps reduce loss of brain cells.Īs you grow older, you will have other changes, including:Ī.D.A.M., Inc. Physical exercise promotes blood flow to your brain. Mental and physical exercise can help your brain stay sharp. A change in thinking, memory, or behavior is important if it is different from your normal patterns or it affects your lifestyle. Seek medical help right away if these symptoms occur suddenly or along with other symptoms. Talk with your health care provider if you have any changes in: Rising and falling blood sugar levels can interfere with thought. ![]() Thinking and behavior problems can also be caused by poorly controlled diabetes. Infection can cause an older person to become severely confused. It is often due to illnesses that are not related to the brain. They can be caused by brain diseases such as Alzheimer disease, which doctors believe is associated with plaques and tangles forming in the brain.ĭelirium is sudden confusion that leads to changes in thinking and behavior. These changes are not always related to the effects on your ability to think.ĭementia and severe memory loss are not a normal part of aging. Some people have many changes in their nerves and brain tissue. These changes are not the same in everyone. Slowing of thought, memory, and thinking is a normal part of aging. This leads to problems with movement and safety. You might have reduced or lost reflexes or sensation. A fatty brown pigment ( lipofuscin) can also build up in nerve tissue.īreakdown of nerves can affect your senses. This can cause abnormal changes in the brain called plaques and tangles to form. Waste products or other chemicals such as beta amyloid can collect in the brain tissue as nerve cells break down. Nerve cells may begin to pass messages more slowly than in the past. Your brain and spinal cord lose nerve cells and weight (atrophy). Nerves extend out from the spinal cord to every part of your body.ĪGING CHANGES AND THEIR EFFECTS ON THE NERVOUS SYSTEMĪs you age, your brain and nervous system go through natural changes. The spinal cord is the bundle of nerves that runs from your brain down the center of your back. Nerves are the pathways that carry signals to and from your brain and the rest of your body. They also help control the organs such as your heart and bowels. The brain and nervous system are your body's central control center. ![]()
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